Scuba
02-27-2008, 05:07 PM
Bedarf und Auswirkung von Vitaminen
auf die Gesundheit bei Wellensittichen
[Need and Effect of Vitamins
on the Health of Budgerigars]
by
Hans - Jürgen H. Lenk
Translated
by
G.W. von Kamrath
Poultry farmers and later pigeon enthusiast pioneered the use of vitamin supplements for healthy birds. While wild birds are usually able to obtain their vitamin requirements from natural resources from within their native environment, captive birds whether it is in cages or aviaries need to be supplied regular dosages
of vitamins via commercial feeds, fresh vegetables and fruits or more commonly with mineral blocks. The following identifies the basic vitamins that are required for birds, and why they are important to a healthy Budgerigar (“Budgie”). Vitamins are divided into two groups -- fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, which are stored in body fats and oils, and take longer to deplete even with low fat diets. Water-soluble vitamins are K B, C, F, and H are not retained by the body and must be obtained through daily consumption for good health.
It should be stated up front that the vitamin requirements of individual Budgies can be very different depending upon their health and the environment in which they live. Their vitamin requirements will naturally fluctuate on a daily basis. Today, fanciers seldom run into the classic problems caused by vitamin deficiencies of the past primarily due to the availability of commercially produced feeds offering a
balanced diet. When these commercially produced feeds are supplemented with fresh vegetables and fruits the requirements of caged birds are more than compensate for avoiding the problems associated with a lack of vitamins that affected caged birds in the past. Yet, it is possible to see the affects of vitamin deficiencies in individual pet Budgies and flights of birds in aviaries due to outdated and spoiled feed due to poor storage, which can easily led to a decrease in the bird’s intake of required vitamins. While there may not appeared to be an immediate problem with feeding birds a diet of inferior or damage feed, it can effect the fertility and quality of eggs laid after even a short period. Fanciers should endeavor to maintain good stocks of feed with vitamins whenever possible and if unable to do so should try to supplement the feed with vitamins.
One way of doing this is by adding water-soluble vitamins to the drinking water. While many believe that Budgies do not drink very much water on a daily basis, they do drink between 1.0 and 1.8 ml. of fresh water daily, but can consume as much as 3.0 ml. a day under some conditions. The administrating of vitamins via the drinking water needs to be done carefully. It is possible in trying to maintain captive birds’ health to overdose birds with too much of a given vitamin.
Some vitamins are absorbed by birds through their digestive organs where micro-organisms breakdown enriched nutrients in the feed and produce the required vitamins.
A healthy bird’s body will not over produce the vitamins as its system will flush what is not needed. When administrating medications, especially antibiotics, there is a great danger of eliminating the necessary micro-organisms and enzymes in
the bird’s digestive system leading to vitamin deficiencies and intestine illnesses. In the case where it is required to treat birds with medications with antibiotics or sulfur-based compounds in high dosages or for prolonged periods then it recommended that a multi-vitamin be used in the feed or water. It is strongly
advised that a simple rule of less is better than more be kept in mind when doing this.
As with poorly stored feed, poorly stored vitamins can also result in vitamin deficiencies. In such cases, it is less an issue of how much vitamins are in the prepared feed and more a question of how much vitamins are being consumed by the Budgies. Poor or reduce quality of vitamins provide sufficient levels
of nutrients and prevent the digestive organ’s enzyme system from functioning efficiently or even in some cases shut it down altogether. Many vitamins are sensitive and easy destroyed by normal environmental elements such as sun light of oxygen hence the opaque plastic and brown glass containers many vitamins
are sold in. Fanciers need to ensure a balance in the amount and quality of vitamins provided their birds.
Vitamin A:
The Budgerigar needs Vitamin A in its diet. Indications of Vitamin A deficiency known as Hypovitaminois A are: A bird’s inability to resist respiratory infections and shorten the duration of illnesses. Hypovitaminois A can mean a susceptibility to increased eye illnesses, skin diseases, and changes in the mucous membrane. The lack of Vitamin A can lead to colds and other problems with the bird’s upper respiratory system. A lack of Vitamin A can also cause damage to the outer layers of the skin and linings of the respiratory, digestive, and reproduction organs. Vitamin A deficient birds are more susceptible to problems associated with mites and fleas, which can in turn lead to infections and diseases. A Vitamin A deficiency can also lead to blood disorders and problems with urine acid in young and older
birds. An adult bird with a Vitamin A deficiency can also result in poor breeding performances with poorly formed eggs lacking a hard shell and in advanced cases fertility problems and sterility. Furthermore, the general appearance of the bird – its plumage will degrade and look as it the bird is molting. Additionally, some experts suggest that the birds may become depressed due to Vitamin A deficiency; the bird will be listless and uninterested in its surroundings. In the case of young Budgies, the lack of Vitamin A can reduce the growth pattern resulting in a stunted adult bird and cause the development of weaknesses in their wing and leg strength.
However, in most cases the negative affects of Vitamin A deficiency can be reversed. To combat such problems it is generally advised to increase the amount of Vitamin A along with protein in the bird’s food. However, you need to be careful not to overdose the bird, which can be most harmful to younger birds as it
will lead problems with the development of their skeletons and to accelerated bone formation. The vitamin is mostly obtained by Budgies in the form of beta Carotene from fresh vegetables and fruits. Seeds and dry grain contain very little beta Carotene. A good source of Vitamin A for Budgies is carrots and spinach.
Vitamin A is also important for the digestive system to synthesize of Vitamin K. When needed a recommended dosage is 12,500 IU. per kg. in the feed or 1 gm/L in the drinking water daily.
Vitamin B Complex:
Vitamins that are grouped under B Complex are all water-soluble and generally occur in commercial feeds in sufficient quantity. All B type vitamins are absorbed through the lining of the digestive organs and are not sufficiently stored in the body and thus must be obtained constantly from the in-take of nutrients from feed. Deficiencies in B Complex can result in interferences with normal growth and good feather development, nervous system problems, liver and heart damage, loss of appetite, problems with the lining of the if the digestive organs and problems with carbohydrate and fat metabolism, reduced white corpuscle development required to fight off infection and disease, and problems with egg laying.
The lack of sufficient amounts of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) leads to an impaired digestive system and general weakness, cramps, a nodding of the head, an inability of grasp and hold onto perches with its toesand a weakness on one or both legs. In advanced cases, the legs can become splayed and permanently damaged. However, if diagnosed before the onset of damages to the bird’s nervous system and B1 is supplemented in the diet most problems can be quickly reverse in a very short time. A recommended dosage is 7.5 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
A lack of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) as with B1 results in poor growth and achromatosis (problems feather development and a lack of feather pigmentation), a weakness of the legs leading to a constantsquatting on the heals of the feet, and problems with diarrhea resulting in dehydration. The recommended
dosage is 18 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
Insufficient amounts of Vitamin B3 (Niacin [also called Nicotinic Acid] and Niacinamide [also called Nicotinamide]) results in poor growth and feather development too, as well as dry and scaly skin. It is one of eight water-soluble B vitamins and needed to form body fat from carbohydrates. A recommended dosage is 200 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
A lack of Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) results in poor feather development and a high percentage of chicks with Pantothenic Acid deficiencies fail to grow sufficient body mass and mortality around the three week of age mark. Pantothenic Acid is essential for bird’s enzyme system to absorb Choline in its digestive system. The recommended dosage is 50 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
Insufficient amounts of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin, Pyidoxal, and Pyridoxamin) results in the loss of body mass, the bird’s ability to move smoothly in flight, and steadiness on its feet. Other effects are the liver problems and eye infections, along with problems with egg quality. The recommended dosage is 15mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
The lack of Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) reduces the generation of red blood corpuscles carrying oxygen to the organs causing the bird to become anemic and listless. Plumage can become incomplete and not fully developed. A side effect is also the higher percentage of Embryo deaths/bad eggs. Only a portion of
the necessary Vitamin B9 requirements are produced by a bird’s intestines. A recommended dosage is 3.0 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is not found in large enough quantities in green vegetables and grain seeds to meet a bird’s requirements. Birds generally obtain B12 from micro-organisms in the intestine that synthesize it. Fanciers will need to insure that the feed they provide their Budgies has a supplement of B12
or face possible problems with poor growth and feather development, and increased bad eggs and increased chick mortality. When needed a recommended dosage is 0.05 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
Although Choline is not by strict definition a vitamin, it is an essential nutrient and generally associated with B Complex. Choline is needed by the bird’s digestive system for the synthesis of cholesterol. A recommended dosage is 2,000 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
Biotin (also referred to as Iotin), q.v. Vitamin H.
Vitamin C:
With the enzyme L-gulonolactine in a Budgie’s liver they synthesize Vitamin C during the conversion of glucose. Also, Budgies generally produce sufficient amounts of Vitamin C in their kidneys. Vitamin C is important to Budgies in that it helps them deal with stress and fight off infections and diseases. In an
indirect fashion, proper amounts of C ensure good breeding and assisting in the calming of birds when changes in their environment occur. Fresh fruit is a good source of Vitamin C. As with some other vitamin, excess amounts of Vitamin C are flushed from the bird’s body reducing the concern for over dosages. Vitamin C is essential for the conversion of Vitamin D3 to its metabolically form. When needed
a recommended dosage is 10 mg. per kg in the feed or 1 gm/L in the drinking water daily.
Vitamin D:
Vitamin D is essential for the proper Calcium and Phosphorus metabolism. Without Vitamin D3 Calcium and Phosphorus pass through the bird’s system unabsorbed. Vitamin D deficiency symptoms are commonly: Disruption of calcium and phosphate absorption leading to calcifying of the bones [rickets] and
soft and flexible bones in younger birds, bone fractures and breaks, curvature of the spinal column and the breastbone (osteomalacia and osteoporosis) in older birds, deformed bones and joints, the birds bill will become soft interfering with feeding, incomplete and deformed feathers development, and poor egg shell
formation – soft shells.
Vitamins D2 (Ergocalciferol)
and D3 (Cholecalciferol, activated 7-Dehydrocholesterol) are
important for the absorption and retention of Calcium the body required by growing Budgies for normal calcifying of the bones. The phosphate metabolism occurs through the stomach and intestine walls and transported into the skin through the blood and converted during exposure to the sun into Vitamin D3.
Thus, birds kept in shaded cages and aviaries without exposure to sunlight risk Vitamin D deficiencies. As with all vitamin deficiencies the quality of the feed and quantity of vitamins and minerals it contains will determine the need for vitamin supplements. Daily offering of green vegetables can prevent Vitamin D deficiencies. Being a fat-soluble vitamin, Vitamin D is the most toxic of vitamins, because the potential to do damage in excessive dosages and the damage from too much Vitamin D can be irreparable under certain conditions. Vitamin D toxicity develops over time and there is a wide variation among individuals in their
tolerance to toxicity. Excessive doses of Vitamin D can increase the Calcium loss from bone. Large doses of Vitamin D are also linked to increased risk for heart attack and atherosclerosis. When needed a recommended dosage is 1,500 IU per kg. in the feed or 1 gm./L. in the drinking water daily.
Vitamin E: (Alpha-Tocopheryl) is generally needed by birds in larger amounts than by mammals. Vitamin E unlike other fat soluble vitamins is not stored in the body for long periods. Vitamin E deficiency symptoms are: Degeneration of heart and skeleton muscles, infertility, liver necroses, problems with flight
and uncoordinated and trembling movements, increased susceptibility to diseases. Much as with Vitamin A deficiencies, the breeding impulse and vitality is greatly reduced, embryos development can be disturbed, and a large percentage of the embryos can die. Vitamin E is an active anti-oxidant that prevents the oxidation of fat compounds, Vitamin A, some Vitamin Cs, and Selenium. It enhances the activity of Vitamin A and is important for vasodilator development and as an anti-coagulant agent. The need depends also on the content of insatiate fatty acids
in the food. Fish flour, other fat additives, in addition, Lebertran in the feed increases Vitamin E. The vitamin is plentifully in germinating grain (spouts) sunflower seeds and in green leafy vegetables (spinach and kale; greens ) and sweet potatoes. Vitamin E deficiencies are easily
voided by quickly treating the symptoms. The use of Vitamin E supplements in many cases there is an immediate and complete improvement among Budgies. When needed a recommended dosage is 300 IU per kg. in the feed or 1 gm./L. in the drinking water daily.
Vitamin F:
The label Vitamin F is a term used for several fatty acids, that in oil-containing lining food such as sesame and sunflower seeds, and nuts of various kinds, which promote good feather quality.
Vitamin H:Vitamin H (Biotin also referred to as Iotin) was discovered nearly forty years ago and considered part of the B complex group of vitamins, Biotin is necessary for the metabolism of Carbohydrates, fats, and Amino Acids (the building blocks of Protein and basic life). A water-soluble vitamin produced in the body by Micro-organisms in intestines and obtained from food. Biotin deficiencies are rear, but can include:
Feather loss, scaly and cracking skin, swollen tongue, dry eyes, loss of appetite, and increased numbers of newborns with birth defects. Biotin is required by all organisms, but can only be synthesized by bacteria, yeasts, molds, algae, and
some plant species. Biotin is attached at the active site of four important enzymes, known as carboxylases.
Each carboxylase catalyzes an essential metabolic reaction.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
catalyzes the binding of bicarbonate to acetyl-CoA to form Malonyl-CoA.
Malonyl-CoA is required for the synthesis of fatty acids.
Pyruvate carboxylase
is a critical enzyme in gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from sources other
than carbohydrates, for example, amino acids and fats.
Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
catalyzes an essential step in the metabolism of Leucine, an essential
Amino Acid.
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
catalyzes essential steps in the metabolism of Amino Acids, Cholesterol, and
fatty acids with an odd number of Carbon molecules. Antibiotic use may decrease Biotin levels by destroying the bacteria in the intestines that producesBiotin. A good source for Biotin is nuts and legumes , and oat bran. The recommended dosage is1.0 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
Vitamin K:
Deficiencies commonly result in hemorrhagic disease in newborn’s nose bleeding and bruising of the
skin and muscles and in advanced cases inter-cranial hemorrhages. A lack of the vitamin can lead to the
loss of gall secretion, damage the colon lining and cause liver damage. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin
and can be produced in the intestines. Vitamin K is found in nature in two forms -
K1 (Phylloquinone)
found in plants and
K2 (Menaquinone) synthesized by micro-organisms in the intestine. Vitamin K3
(Menadione)
is a manmade synthetic form of the vitamin. The body uses Vitamin K to control blood clotting and is essential for synthesizing the liver protein that controls the clotting. In the intestines it also assists in converting glucose to glycogen, this can then be stored in the liver. It is involved in bone formation and repair. There are some indications that Vitamin K may decrease the incidence or severity ofosteoporosis and slow bone loss. A recommended dosage is 8.0 ppm. per kg. in the feed daily.
[B]WARNING:
[B]Many sources claim that charcoal should be added to grit or soft
foods in a Budgie's diets, because it removes toxins from the digestive
system. However, while this maybe true, it is also known to eliminate
Vitamins A, B2 and K from the digestive system and can lead to
vitamin deficiencies.
The vast majority of this above information came from the writings of Han-Jürgen H. Lenk of Erkrath,Germany, especially his article: “Bedarf und Auswirkung von Vitaminen auf die Gesundheit bei Wellensittichen. [Need and Effect of Vitamins on the Health of Budgerigars]” published in 2000, and was translated by G.W. von Kamrath. As with most translations from a foreign language a certain amount of editing and rearranging of the text sequence was required, but the information of Lenk’s writings have
been faithfully preserved. Originally published in the Budgie Fanciers of S.D. County's monthly newsletter, A Bit of BudgieChatter for the month of January 2006.
Vitamin Recommended Dosage
Per kg of Feed
Vitamin A 12,500 IU.
Vitamin B1 Thiamine 7.5 mg.
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin 18 mg.
Vitamin B3 Niacin 200 mg.
Vitamin B5 Pantothenic 50 mg.
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine 15 mg.
Vitamin B9 Folic Acid 3.0 mg.
Vitamin B12 Cobalamin 0.05 mg.
Choline 2,000 mg
Vitamin C 10 mg.
Vitamin D3 1,500 IU
Vitamin E 300 IU.
Vitamin H Biotin 1.0 mg.
Vitamin K 8.0 ppm.
auf die Gesundheit bei Wellensittichen
[Need and Effect of Vitamins
on the Health of Budgerigars]
by
Hans - Jürgen H. Lenk
Translated
by
G.W. von Kamrath
Poultry farmers and later pigeon enthusiast pioneered the use of vitamin supplements for healthy birds. While wild birds are usually able to obtain their vitamin requirements from natural resources from within their native environment, captive birds whether it is in cages or aviaries need to be supplied regular dosages
of vitamins via commercial feeds, fresh vegetables and fruits or more commonly with mineral blocks. The following identifies the basic vitamins that are required for birds, and why they are important to a healthy Budgerigar (“Budgie”). Vitamins are divided into two groups -- fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, which are stored in body fats and oils, and take longer to deplete even with low fat diets. Water-soluble vitamins are K B, C, F, and H are not retained by the body and must be obtained through daily consumption for good health.
It should be stated up front that the vitamin requirements of individual Budgies can be very different depending upon their health and the environment in which they live. Their vitamin requirements will naturally fluctuate on a daily basis. Today, fanciers seldom run into the classic problems caused by vitamin deficiencies of the past primarily due to the availability of commercially produced feeds offering a
balanced diet. When these commercially produced feeds are supplemented with fresh vegetables and fruits the requirements of caged birds are more than compensate for avoiding the problems associated with a lack of vitamins that affected caged birds in the past. Yet, it is possible to see the affects of vitamin deficiencies in individual pet Budgies and flights of birds in aviaries due to outdated and spoiled feed due to poor storage, which can easily led to a decrease in the bird’s intake of required vitamins. While there may not appeared to be an immediate problem with feeding birds a diet of inferior or damage feed, it can effect the fertility and quality of eggs laid after even a short period. Fanciers should endeavor to maintain good stocks of feed with vitamins whenever possible and if unable to do so should try to supplement the feed with vitamins.
One way of doing this is by adding water-soluble vitamins to the drinking water. While many believe that Budgies do not drink very much water on a daily basis, they do drink between 1.0 and 1.8 ml. of fresh water daily, but can consume as much as 3.0 ml. a day under some conditions. The administrating of vitamins via the drinking water needs to be done carefully. It is possible in trying to maintain captive birds’ health to overdose birds with too much of a given vitamin.
Some vitamins are absorbed by birds through their digestive organs where micro-organisms breakdown enriched nutrients in the feed and produce the required vitamins.
A healthy bird’s body will not over produce the vitamins as its system will flush what is not needed. When administrating medications, especially antibiotics, there is a great danger of eliminating the necessary micro-organisms and enzymes in
the bird’s digestive system leading to vitamin deficiencies and intestine illnesses. In the case where it is required to treat birds with medications with antibiotics or sulfur-based compounds in high dosages or for prolonged periods then it recommended that a multi-vitamin be used in the feed or water. It is strongly
advised that a simple rule of less is better than more be kept in mind when doing this.
As with poorly stored feed, poorly stored vitamins can also result in vitamin deficiencies. In such cases, it is less an issue of how much vitamins are in the prepared feed and more a question of how much vitamins are being consumed by the Budgies. Poor or reduce quality of vitamins provide sufficient levels
of nutrients and prevent the digestive organ’s enzyme system from functioning efficiently or even in some cases shut it down altogether. Many vitamins are sensitive and easy destroyed by normal environmental elements such as sun light of oxygen hence the opaque plastic and brown glass containers many vitamins
are sold in. Fanciers need to ensure a balance in the amount and quality of vitamins provided their birds.
Vitamin A:
The Budgerigar needs Vitamin A in its diet. Indications of Vitamin A deficiency known as Hypovitaminois A are: A bird’s inability to resist respiratory infections and shorten the duration of illnesses. Hypovitaminois A can mean a susceptibility to increased eye illnesses, skin diseases, and changes in the mucous membrane. The lack of Vitamin A can lead to colds and other problems with the bird’s upper respiratory system. A lack of Vitamin A can also cause damage to the outer layers of the skin and linings of the respiratory, digestive, and reproduction organs. Vitamin A deficient birds are more susceptible to problems associated with mites and fleas, which can in turn lead to infections and diseases. A Vitamin A deficiency can also lead to blood disorders and problems with urine acid in young and older
birds. An adult bird with a Vitamin A deficiency can also result in poor breeding performances with poorly formed eggs lacking a hard shell and in advanced cases fertility problems and sterility. Furthermore, the general appearance of the bird – its plumage will degrade and look as it the bird is molting. Additionally, some experts suggest that the birds may become depressed due to Vitamin A deficiency; the bird will be listless and uninterested in its surroundings. In the case of young Budgies, the lack of Vitamin A can reduce the growth pattern resulting in a stunted adult bird and cause the development of weaknesses in their wing and leg strength.
However, in most cases the negative affects of Vitamin A deficiency can be reversed. To combat such problems it is generally advised to increase the amount of Vitamin A along with protein in the bird’s food. However, you need to be careful not to overdose the bird, which can be most harmful to younger birds as it
will lead problems with the development of their skeletons and to accelerated bone formation. The vitamin is mostly obtained by Budgies in the form of beta Carotene from fresh vegetables and fruits. Seeds and dry grain contain very little beta Carotene. A good source of Vitamin A for Budgies is carrots and spinach.
Vitamin A is also important for the digestive system to synthesize of Vitamin K. When needed a recommended dosage is 12,500 IU. per kg. in the feed or 1 gm/L in the drinking water daily.
Vitamin B Complex:
Vitamins that are grouped under B Complex are all water-soluble and generally occur in commercial feeds in sufficient quantity. All B type vitamins are absorbed through the lining of the digestive organs and are not sufficiently stored in the body and thus must be obtained constantly from the in-take of nutrients from feed. Deficiencies in B Complex can result in interferences with normal growth and good feather development, nervous system problems, liver and heart damage, loss of appetite, problems with the lining of the if the digestive organs and problems with carbohydrate and fat metabolism, reduced white corpuscle development required to fight off infection and disease, and problems with egg laying.
The lack of sufficient amounts of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) leads to an impaired digestive system and general weakness, cramps, a nodding of the head, an inability of grasp and hold onto perches with its toesand a weakness on one or both legs. In advanced cases, the legs can become splayed and permanently damaged. However, if diagnosed before the onset of damages to the bird’s nervous system and B1 is supplemented in the diet most problems can be quickly reverse in a very short time. A recommended dosage is 7.5 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
A lack of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) as with B1 results in poor growth and achromatosis (problems feather development and a lack of feather pigmentation), a weakness of the legs leading to a constantsquatting on the heals of the feet, and problems with diarrhea resulting in dehydration. The recommended
dosage is 18 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
Insufficient amounts of Vitamin B3 (Niacin [also called Nicotinic Acid] and Niacinamide [also called Nicotinamide]) results in poor growth and feather development too, as well as dry and scaly skin. It is one of eight water-soluble B vitamins and needed to form body fat from carbohydrates. A recommended dosage is 200 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
A lack of Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) results in poor feather development and a high percentage of chicks with Pantothenic Acid deficiencies fail to grow sufficient body mass and mortality around the three week of age mark. Pantothenic Acid is essential for bird’s enzyme system to absorb Choline in its digestive system. The recommended dosage is 50 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
Insufficient amounts of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin, Pyidoxal, and Pyridoxamin) results in the loss of body mass, the bird’s ability to move smoothly in flight, and steadiness on its feet. Other effects are the liver problems and eye infections, along with problems with egg quality. The recommended dosage is 15mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
The lack of Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) reduces the generation of red blood corpuscles carrying oxygen to the organs causing the bird to become anemic and listless. Plumage can become incomplete and not fully developed. A side effect is also the higher percentage of Embryo deaths/bad eggs. Only a portion of
the necessary Vitamin B9 requirements are produced by a bird’s intestines. A recommended dosage is 3.0 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is not found in large enough quantities in green vegetables and grain seeds to meet a bird’s requirements. Birds generally obtain B12 from micro-organisms in the intestine that synthesize it. Fanciers will need to insure that the feed they provide their Budgies has a supplement of B12
or face possible problems with poor growth and feather development, and increased bad eggs and increased chick mortality. When needed a recommended dosage is 0.05 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
Although Choline is not by strict definition a vitamin, it is an essential nutrient and generally associated with B Complex. Choline is needed by the bird’s digestive system for the synthesis of cholesterol. A recommended dosage is 2,000 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
Biotin (also referred to as Iotin), q.v. Vitamin H.
Vitamin C:
With the enzyme L-gulonolactine in a Budgie’s liver they synthesize Vitamin C during the conversion of glucose. Also, Budgies generally produce sufficient amounts of Vitamin C in their kidneys. Vitamin C is important to Budgies in that it helps them deal with stress and fight off infections and diseases. In an
indirect fashion, proper amounts of C ensure good breeding and assisting in the calming of birds when changes in their environment occur. Fresh fruit is a good source of Vitamin C. As with some other vitamin, excess amounts of Vitamin C are flushed from the bird’s body reducing the concern for over dosages. Vitamin C is essential for the conversion of Vitamin D3 to its metabolically form. When needed
a recommended dosage is 10 mg. per kg in the feed or 1 gm/L in the drinking water daily.
Vitamin D:
Vitamin D is essential for the proper Calcium and Phosphorus metabolism. Without Vitamin D3 Calcium and Phosphorus pass through the bird’s system unabsorbed. Vitamin D deficiency symptoms are commonly: Disruption of calcium and phosphate absorption leading to calcifying of the bones [rickets] and
soft and flexible bones in younger birds, bone fractures and breaks, curvature of the spinal column and the breastbone (osteomalacia and osteoporosis) in older birds, deformed bones and joints, the birds bill will become soft interfering with feeding, incomplete and deformed feathers development, and poor egg shell
formation – soft shells.
Vitamins D2 (Ergocalciferol)
and D3 (Cholecalciferol, activated 7-Dehydrocholesterol) are
important for the absorption and retention of Calcium the body required by growing Budgies for normal calcifying of the bones. The phosphate metabolism occurs through the stomach and intestine walls and transported into the skin through the blood and converted during exposure to the sun into Vitamin D3.
Thus, birds kept in shaded cages and aviaries without exposure to sunlight risk Vitamin D deficiencies. As with all vitamin deficiencies the quality of the feed and quantity of vitamins and minerals it contains will determine the need for vitamin supplements. Daily offering of green vegetables can prevent Vitamin D deficiencies. Being a fat-soluble vitamin, Vitamin D is the most toxic of vitamins, because the potential to do damage in excessive dosages and the damage from too much Vitamin D can be irreparable under certain conditions. Vitamin D toxicity develops over time and there is a wide variation among individuals in their
tolerance to toxicity. Excessive doses of Vitamin D can increase the Calcium loss from bone. Large doses of Vitamin D are also linked to increased risk for heart attack and atherosclerosis. When needed a recommended dosage is 1,500 IU per kg. in the feed or 1 gm./L. in the drinking water daily.
Vitamin E: (Alpha-Tocopheryl) is generally needed by birds in larger amounts than by mammals. Vitamin E unlike other fat soluble vitamins is not stored in the body for long periods. Vitamin E deficiency symptoms are: Degeneration of heart and skeleton muscles, infertility, liver necroses, problems with flight
and uncoordinated and trembling movements, increased susceptibility to diseases. Much as with Vitamin A deficiencies, the breeding impulse and vitality is greatly reduced, embryos development can be disturbed, and a large percentage of the embryos can die. Vitamin E is an active anti-oxidant that prevents the oxidation of fat compounds, Vitamin A, some Vitamin Cs, and Selenium. It enhances the activity of Vitamin A and is important for vasodilator development and as an anti-coagulant agent. The need depends also on the content of insatiate fatty acids
in the food. Fish flour, other fat additives, in addition, Lebertran in the feed increases Vitamin E. The vitamin is plentifully in germinating grain (spouts) sunflower seeds and in green leafy vegetables (spinach and kale; greens ) and sweet potatoes. Vitamin E deficiencies are easily
voided by quickly treating the symptoms. The use of Vitamin E supplements in many cases there is an immediate and complete improvement among Budgies. When needed a recommended dosage is 300 IU per kg. in the feed or 1 gm./L. in the drinking water daily.
Vitamin F:
The label Vitamin F is a term used for several fatty acids, that in oil-containing lining food such as sesame and sunflower seeds, and nuts of various kinds, which promote good feather quality.
Vitamin H:Vitamin H (Biotin also referred to as Iotin) was discovered nearly forty years ago and considered part of the B complex group of vitamins, Biotin is necessary for the metabolism of Carbohydrates, fats, and Amino Acids (the building blocks of Protein and basic life). A water-soluble vitamin produced in the body by Micro-organisms in intestines and obtained from food. Biotin deficiencies are rear, but can include:
Feather loss, scaly and cracking skin, swollen tongue, dry eyes, loss of appetite, and increased numbers of newborns with birth defects. Biotin is required by all organisms, but can only be synthesized by bacteria, yeasts, molds, algae, and
some plant species. Biotin is attached at the active site of four important enzymes, known as carboxylases.
Each carboxylase catalyzes an essential metabolic reaction.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
catalyzes the binding of bicarbonate to acetyl-CoA to form Malonyl-CoA.
Malonyl-CoA is required for the synthesis of fatty acids.
Pyruvate carboxylase
is a critical enzyme in gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from sources other
than carbohydrates, for example, amino acids and fats.
Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
catalyzes an essential step in the metabolism of Leucine, an essential
Amino Acid.
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
catalyzes essential steps in the metabolism of Amino Acids, Cholesterol, and
fatty acids with an odd number of Carbon molecules. Antibiotic use may decrease Biotin levels by destroying the bacteria in the intestines that producesBiotin. A good source for Biotin is nuts and legumes , and oat bran. The recommended dosage is1.0 mg. per kg. in the feed daily.
Vitamin K:
Deficiencies commonly result in hemorrhagic disease in newborn’s nose bleeding and bruising of the
skin and muscles and in advanced cases inter-cranial hemorrhages. A lack of the vitamin can lead to the
loss of gall secretion, damage the colon lining and cause liver damage. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin
and can be produced in the intestines. Vitamin K is found in nature in two forms -
K1 (Phylloquinone)
found in plants and
K2 (Menaquinone) synthesized by micro-organisms in the intestine. Vitamin K3
(Menadione)
is a manmade synthetic form of the vitamin. The body uses Vitamin K to control blood clotting and is essential for synthesizing the liver protein that controls the clotting. In the intestines it also assists in converting glucose to glycogen, this can then be stored in the liver. It is involved in bone formation and repair. There are some indications that Vitamin K may decrease the incidence or severity ofosteoporosis and slow bone loss. A recommended dosage is 8.0 ppm. per kg. in the feed daily.
[B]WARNING:
[B]Many sources claim that charcoal should be added to grit or soft
foods in a Budgie's diets, because it removes toxins from the digestive
system. However, while this maybe true, it is also known to eliminate
Vitamins A, B2 and K from the digestive system and can lead to
vitamin deficiencies.
The vast majority of this above information came from the writings of Han-Jürgen H. Lenk of Erkrath,Germany, especially his article: “Bedarf und Auswirkung von Vitaminen auf die Gesundheit bei Wellensittichen. [Need and Effect of Vitamins on the Health of Budgerigars]” published in 2000, and was translated by G.W. von Kamrath. As with most translations from a foreign language a certain amount of editing and rearranging of the text sequence was required, but the information of Lenk’s writings have
been faithfully preserved. Originally published in the Budgie Fanciers of S.D. County's monthly newsletter, A Bit of BudgieChatter for the month of January 2006.
Vitamin Recommended Dosage
Per kg of Feed
Vitamin A 12,500 IU.
Vitamin B1 Thiamine 7.5 mg.
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin 18 mg.
Vitamin B3 Niacin 200 mg.
Vitamin B5 Pantothenic 50 mg.
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine 15 mg.
Vitamin B9 Folic Acid 3.0 mg.
Vitamin B12 Cobalamin 0.05 mg.
Choline 2,000 mg
Vitamin C 10 mg.
Vitamin D3 1,500 IU
Vitamin E 300 IU.
Vitamin H Biotin 1.0 mg.
Vitamin K 8.0 ppm.